Resilience in education policy: Insights from Indonesia’s school reopening amid COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v6i2.902Keywords:
Educational resilience, school reopening policy, COVID-19, policy adaptation, crisis-responsive governance, IndonesiaAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has really left an impacted education, stimulating policymakers to introduce emergency remote learning. However, transitioning to online education has exposed huge problems in Indonesia, particularly inequalities in digital access, insufficient learning support, and mounting household costs. Finally, with many public outcries for schools to be reopened, the phased reopening policy was implemented through the SKB 4 Menteri decree. This study is hence concerned with an evaluation of the implementation and effect of school reopening policies that were put in place in Indonesia during the pandemic. The logical framework approach is used to assess inputs, processes, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. The conclusion is that the reopening of schools addresses the learning loss incurred by the students; however, these K-12 institutions do not have sufficient health infrastructure and there are poor enforcement protocols that altogether made these schools hotspot areas for the emergence of COVID clusters. However, decisions made at the policy level were reactive rather than evidence-based, portraying a gap in crisis preparedness and risk mitigation. The need to make adaptive education policies based on the lessons learned as described in this experience should be emphasized to realize the balance of learning continuity with public health priorities, strong engagement needed in terms of stakeholders, and decision-making that is based on data. The future needs of educational resilience will require strengthened digital infrastructures, hybrid learning models, and crisis-responsive governance in education.
References
Aguilar, S., Kushner, D., Ortega, J., Paaso, A., Ratner, J., & Schlegelmilch, J. (2021). Using Analytics to Inform Post-Pandemic Resiliency Strategy. 2021 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability, SusTech 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/SusTech51236.2021.9467473
Alam, S. O. (2020, November 11). 19 Wilayah Ini Naik ke Zona Merah, Bekasi-Bantul-Semarang Termasuk. DetikHealth. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5250128/19-wilayah-ini-naik-ke-zona-merah-bekasi-bantul-semarang-termasuk
Amali, Z., Apinino, R., & Amali, Z. (2020, September 2). Klaster Corona Terbesar di Jatim: 622 Santri Ponpes di Banyuwangi. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/klaster-corona-terbesar-di-jatim-622-santri-ponpes-di-banyuwangi-f2Nw
Amri, A., Tebe, Y., Siantoro, A., Indrawati, M., & Prihadi, C. (2021). Teachers voices on school reopening in Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100218
Baxter, A., Oruc, B. E., Asplund, J., Keskinocak, P., & Serban, N. (2022). Evaluating scenarios for school reopening under COVID19. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12910-w
Beaulieu, M., Roy, J., Snowdon, A., Rebolledo, C., Landry, S., & Wright, A. (2022). Managing personal protective equipment in a pandemic : lessons from the Canadian health sector; [Gestion des équipements de protection individuelle en pandémie : des leçons du secteur canadien de la santé]. Logistique et Management, 30(4), 213 – 229. https://doi.org/10.1080/12507970.2022.2084465
Bouchon, S., Di Mauro, C., Trucco, P., & Zaccone, A. (2012). Enhancing regional resilience to cope with critical infrastructure disruptions: The public-private partnership experience in Lombardy Region, Italy. In S. M., A. W., & S. M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Disaster and Risk Conference: Integrative Risk Management in a Changing World - Pathways to a Resilient Society, IDRC Davos 2012 (pp. 90 – 93). Global Risk Forum (GRF).
Bunga, B. N., Adu, A. A., Damayanti, Y., Takalapeta, T., Pello, S. Ch., & Kiling, I. Y. (2022). Synchronous vs. Asynchronous: Photovoice Study on Indonesian Youth’s Online Learning Experience. Child and Youth Services, 43(3), 276 – 289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0145935X.2021.1901572
CDC. (2020a, February 11). Information for Laboratories about Coronavirus (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/calculating-percent-positivity.html
CDC. (2020b, April 30). Indicators for Dynamic School Decision-Making. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/indicators.html
Chakwizira, J. (2022). Stretching resilience and adaptive transport systems capacity in South Africa: Imperfect or perfect attempts at closing COVID -19 policy and planning emergent gaps. Transport Policy, 125, 127 – 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.06.003
Chaterine, R. N. (2020, August 13). Kemdikbud Bantah Ada Klaster Corona Akibat Pembukaan Sekolah di Zona Kuning. Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5132360/kemdikbud-bantah-ada-klaster-corona-akibat-pembukaan-sekolah-di-zona-kuning
Clark, M., Sartorius, R., & Bamberger, M. (2004). Monitoring and evaluation: Some tools, methods and approaches. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
CNN Indonesia. (2020, November 26). Dua Siswa Covid, Sekolah Tatap Muka di Gunungkidul Dihentikan. News. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201126202832-20-575095/dua-siswa-covid-sekolah-tatap-muka-di-gunungkidul-dihentikan
Cummings, F. H. (1997). Logic models, logical frameworks and results-based management: contrasts and comparisons. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne d’études Du Développement, 18(sup1), 587–596.
Dagenais, C., Kielende, M., Coulibaly, A., Gautier, L., David, P.-M., Peiffer-Smadja, N., Honda, A., de Araújo Oliveira, S. R., Traverson, L., Zinszer, K., & Ridde, V. (2023). Lessons Learned from Field Experiences on Hospitals’ Resilience to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Approach. Health Systems and Reform, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2023.2231644
Dunn, W. (2014). Public Policy Analysis Dunn Fifth Edition (Fifth Edit). Pearson Education Limited.
Fischer, F., & Miller, G. J. (2017). Handbook of public policy analysis: theory, politics, and methods. Routledge.
Foster, C., Burkhardt, H., & Schoenfeld, A. (2022). Crisis-ready educational design: The case of mathematics. Curriculum Journal, 33(4), 519 – 535. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.159
Galadima, H., Dumadag, A., & Tonn, C. (2024). Navigating New Normals: Student Perceptions, Experiences, and Mental Health Service Utilization in Post-Pandemic Academia. Education Sciences, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020125
Garcia, M. B. (2024). School reopening concerns amid a pandemic among higher education students: a developing country perspective for policy development. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 23(2), 271 – 288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-024-09366-7
Gustine, G. G., Setyarini, S., & Rodliyah, R. S. (2024). English Literacy Learning Loss during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Studies in English Language and Education, 11(2), 768 – 785. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v11i2.34888
Hamdi, I. (2020, October 5). Ratusan Mahasiswa PTIQ Positif Covid-19, Dinkes: PSBB Belum Boleh Beroperasi. Tempo. https://metro.tempo.co/read/1393216/ratusan-mahasiswa-ptiq-positif-covid-19-dinkes-psbb-belum-boleh-beroperasi
Hariati, S., Andriani, A., Nurmaulid, N., Erfina, E., & Kadar, K. S. (2023). PREPAREDNESS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARENTS FOR LEARNING DECISIONS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC OFFLINE. Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman, 18(3), 116 – 121. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jks.2023.18.3.7332
Hashim, A. K., Weddle, H., & Irondi, O. N. (2024). Responding to Crisis: A Multiple Case Study of District Approaches for Supporting Student Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Educational Administration Quarterly, 60(5), 583 – 623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X241271317
Hidayah, R., Wangid, M. N., & Wuryandani, W. (2023). Teaching as Part of Blended Learning Lead to the Trend of Indonesian Future Cyber Education. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(2), 484 – 494.
INTRAC (the International NGO Training and Research Centre). (2015). Outputs, Outcomes and Impact. England
Jourdan, D., Gray, N., & Ivassenko, V. (2022). Schools and the pandemic: what have we learned from this health crisis?; [ÉCOLES ET PANDÉMIE : QU’AVONS-NOUS APPRIS DE LA CRISE SANITAIRE ?]. Sante Publique, 33(6), 813 – 822. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.216.0813
Kata Data (2020a). Ini Sejumlah Tantangan Siswa Belajar di Rumah. (2020, July 4). Katadata. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/07/04/ini-sejumlah-tantangan-siswa-belajar-di-rumah#
Kata Data. (2020b). Survei: Siswa Belajar di Sekolah Jika Kasus COVID-19 Berkurang. (2020, July 6). Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/07/06/survei-siswa-belajar-di-sekolah-jika-kasus-COVID-19-berkurang
Kata Data. (2020c). 13% Sekolah Telah Lakukan Pembelajaran Tatap Muka. Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/11/25/13-sekolah-telah-lakukan-pembelajaran-tatap-muka#
Kata Data. (2020d). Mulai Bermunculan Klaster Baru COVID-19 di Sekolah. (2020, August 21). Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/08/21/mulai-bermunculan-klaster-baru-COVID-19-di-sekolah
Kuswandi. (2020, November 18). FSGI Kritik Pembukaan Sekolah Berdasarkan Zona. https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/pendidikan/18/11/2020/fsgi-kritik-pembukaan-sekolah-berdasarkan-zona/
Leung, T. C. H., & Xie, K. J. (2024). Health Promotion Practices and the Sustainable Global Economy. In Sustainable Health Promotion Practices and the Global Economy. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032701356-3
MacArthur, J. D. (1993). The Logical Framework - A tool for the management of project planning and evaluation. University of Bradford, Development and Project Planning Centre, 36 pp.
Marrero, M. C., Petraccone, J. B., Guida, S., Montesi, A., Fanti, A., Gigliola, G., Scalingi, S., Aucone, R., Russo, F. T., Lovetro, D., Facente, F., Germini, F., del Prete, J., Ierardi, T., Zagaria, N., Gerbasi, G., Brandimarte, M. A., Parente, P., Di Rosa, E., & Paglione, L. (2023). Responding to a school SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: Insights and policy implications emerging from the pandemic. Annali Di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e Di Comunita, 35(2), 178 – 187. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2522
Masitoh, S., Afifah, T., Lestary, H., Sugiharti, Novianti, Soerachman, R., & Hendarwan, H. (2022). READINESS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER TO SUPPORT SCHOOL REOPENING POLICY AT THE FIRST WAVE OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC: INDONESIA CONTEXT. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 53, 792 – 813.
Masterson, E., Chung, S., Shen, R., Singh, B., Savoia, E., & Rajabiun, S. (2023). Leveraging Community Resources and Local Expertise to Build a Safe Learning Environment for K-12 Students During COVID-19: A Field Experience. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 29(5), 735 – 744. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001734
Meiliana, D. (2020a, July 27). Survei Cyrus Network: 54,1 Persen Responden Sangat Setuju Sekolah Dibuka Kembali Halaman all - Kompas.com. KOMPAS.Com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/07/27/14504971/survei-cyrus-network-541-persen-responden-sangat-setuju-sekolah-dibuka?page=all
Meiliana, D. (2020b, November 20). Belajar Tatap Muka Diizinkan Mulai Januari 2021, Nadiem Minta Sekolah Persiapkan Diri. KOMPAS.Com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/20/15305521/belajar-tatap-muka-diizinkan-mulai-januari-2021-nadiem-minta-sekolah
Meiliana, D. (2020c, November 30). KPAI: 83,68 Persen Sekolah Belum Siap Lakukan Pertemuan Tatap Muka. KOMPAS.Com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/30/09081801/kpai-8368-persen-sekolah-belum-siap-lakukan-pertemuan-tatap-muka
Narang, N., Hoysala, O., Arlekar, S., Chadgar, A., & Asundi, J. (2012). Developing GIS tools for planning, mitigation and preparedness for large scale emergencies and disasters. International Journal of System of Systems Engineering, 3(2), 142 – 153. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSE.2012.048451
NORAD, N. A. for D. C. (1996). The logical framework approach (LFA): handbook for objectives-oriented planning. Norad.
Nursjanti, F., Amaliawiati, L., & Nurani, N. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(1), 685 – 698. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.800608
Prahmana, R. C. I., Hartanto, D., Kusumaningtyas, D. A., Ali, R. M., & Muchlas. (2021). Community radio-based blended learning model: A promising learning model in remote area during pandemic era. Heliyon, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07511
Pudjiadi, A. H., Putri, N. D., Sjakti, H. A., Yanuarso, P. B., Gunardi, H., Roeslani, R. D., Pasaribu, A. D., Nurmalia, L. D., Sambo, C. M., Habibah, L., Utami, I. N. A., Prawira, Y., Kaswandani, N., Alam, A., Kadafi, K. T., Hanafi, G., Tjahjadi, A. K., Aprianti, S. C., Salma, N. M., … Pulungan, A. B. (2022). Parents’ Perspectives Toward School Reopening During COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia A National Survey. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.757328
Roduner, D., Schläppi, W., & Egli, W. (2008). Logical framework Approach and Outcome Mapping A Constructive Attempt of Synthesis. Zurich: AGRIDEA and …, 1–24. http://pdf2.hegoa.efaber.net/entry/content/920/LFA_and_Outcome_Mapping.pdf
Sakti, A. M. T., Mohamad, E., Humairah, A. E., & Azlan, A. A. (2024). Indonesian Public Response to School Reopening During Pandemic: Capturing Sentiment and Emotion Using X Data. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(2), 111 – 129. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4002-07
Sandy, W. (2024). Navigating uncharted waters: leadership insights from successfully reopened schools amid the COVID-19 pandemic. School Leadership and Management, 44(4), 494 – 517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2024.2345068
Shrivastava, S., & Shrivastava, P. (2020). Conducting a covid-19 risk assessment to implement evidence-based decisions for enabling closure or reopening of schools. Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine, 3(2), 181 – 182. https://doi.org/10.5505/anatoljfm.2020.69672
Steul, K., & Heudorf, U. (2021). Hygiene in schools in the corona pandemic - Experience with hygiene inspections of schools in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in summer 2020 and further considerations; [Hygiene in Schulen in der Corona- Pandemie - Erfahrungen mit Hygienebegehungen in Schulen in Frankfurt am Main im Sommer 2020 und weitere Überlegungen]. Hygiene + Medizin, 46(9), D77 – D85.
Subarsono, A. G. (2005). Analisis kebijakan publik: konsep, teori dan aplikasi (Vol. 138). Pustaka Pelajar.
Suyadi, Selvi, I. D., Sibawaihi, Zahroh, U., & Muassomah. (2023). Children’s Future Adversity: Learning Loss Risk during Online Learning in Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 457 – 478. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16225a
Technologies, T. (2005). The logframe handbook: A logical framework approach to project cycle management. The World Bank.
Tidd, Jason (2020). Two of 10 school outbreaks of COVID-19 have been identified in Sedgwick County. The Michita Eagle. https://www.kansas.com/news/coronavirus/article247124721.html
Valentine, R., Valentine, D., & Valentine, J. L. (2023). Investigating the relationship of schools reopening to increases in COVID-19 infections using event study methodology: The case of the Delta variant. Journal of Public Health (United Kingdom), 45(1), 134 – 135. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab373
Weichselgartner, J., Guézo, B., Beerlage, I., Després, C., Fekete, A., Hufschmidt, G., Lussignoli, O., Mey-Richters, S., Naumann, J., & Wienand, I. (2018). Urban resilience and crisis management: perspectives from france and Germany. Urban Book Series, 473 – 494. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68606-6_27
Yuslianson. (2020, August 3). HEADLINE: Belajar dari Rumah Boros Kuota Internet, Bagaimana Solusinya? Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/tekno/read/4316926/headline-belajar-dari-rumah-boros-kuota-internet-bagaimana-solusinya
Zaki, B. L. (2024). Practicing policy learning during creeping crises: key principles and considerations from the COVID-19 crisis. Policy Design and Practice, 7(1), 87 – 104. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2023.2237648
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrizal Fajri, Sajida Sajida
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract Views: 0
| 
File Views: 0
