Analysis of category shifts translation: case study of Harry Potter and The Sorcerer's Stone novel translation from English to Indonesian

This study aims to determine the category shift that occurs in the English-Indonesian text in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, and to find out what category shift is dominant. This study will also explain why a category shift occurs in the English-Indonesian text in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. This research is a qualitative descriptive research using content analysis method. The data source is the text of the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in English-Indonesian language. Data analysis used content analysis techniques. The researcher analysed the occurrence of category shift in the novel. From the findings, the four types of category shifts occur in the English-Indonesian text in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. They are structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. Unit shift has the highest frequency, which is 122 cases out of 257 cases or 47.85%. Structural shifts have the lowest frequency, which is 39 cases out of 257 category shifts or 15.17%. Class shift occurred 53 times out of 257 cases or 20.62%. Intra-system shift occurred 42 times out of 257 cases or 16.35%.

In this era of globalization, communication between many languages is becoming more frequent, and communication methods are needed to apply this communication effectively. Since there are so many languages around the world, communication becomes a problem sometimes. Language is one of the barriers to getting our messages across to people in this era of globalization and communication. The language barrier is a common challenge in many ways. It affects our daily life (Abuarqoub, 2019).
One of the solutions to resolve the problem of communication in various languages is through translation. In this study, the researcher is interested in analysing the structural differences between the source language and the target language which is often one of the most difficult things in translation.
Translation has a big enough role in transferring knowledge and information in various fields that hugely impacted our lives.
In the end, translation is an activity that allows humans to exchange thoughts and ideas regardless of the language used. It is the process of converting written or spoken meaning from one language (Source Language (SL), the language from which the translation is made) to another (Target Language (TL), the language in which the translation is made), or the target language version resulting from this process. (Richards & Schmidt, 2013). The meaning must not change from the source language when translated to the target language. Especially the meaning of the source language which must be accurate, natural, and communicative when translated into the target language.
Based on the importance of translation, the researcher is interested in conducting a research on category shifts in translation. There are two main types of shifts; level shift and category shift (Catford, 1965). Technically, a translator must know that in translating the source language into the target language, shifts, equivalence, and techniques are unavoidable. On this occasion, the researcher will only focus on the analysis of category shifts in translation.
To minimize difficulties, translators can use translation shifts. According to Catford (1965), shift is a translation method that involves replacing source language elements into target language elements without changing their meaning. Translation shift helps translators get natural translations. Catford (1965) stated that there are two kinds of translation shifts, namely level shifts and category shifts. A level shift focuses on the changing of level from grammar to lexis or vice versa, while category shift focused on all kinds of grammatical changes. According to Catford (1965) the kinds of grammatical changes in category shift include structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Category shifts are obviously more comprehensive and easier to be analysed in the translation. That is the reason why the researcher only focuses on category shifts and their appearance in the novel text.
Translators tend to be dictated by the structure and linguistic system of the target language to create a more natural and acceptable translation. By adding some necessary information in the target language, the translation results can meet the accuracy, fairness, and acceptance (Darso, 2017). Technically, a translator must know that in translating the source language into the target language, shifts, equivalence, and techniques are unavoidable. Kantiastuti (2014) explained that in translation, both education and training, shifting, as one of the translation methods, should be the main concern of the translation teacher or lecturer, because it will help students produce good translations.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Of the many novels produced and distributed throughout the world today, there is one popular novel series which is the novel series by JK Rowling entitled Harry Potter. The novel used in this research is Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (1998) and its translation is in Indonesian. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series of novels. While reading the novel, the researcher found many translation shifts that occurred in the novel, therefore he chose this novel and wanted to analyse the shifts that occurred in the novel.

Translation
Nida and Taber define translation as "the process of reproducing the equivalent meaning and then the style of the source language in the target language." Catford argues that "translation is the replacement of textual material in the source language with the equivalent textual material in the target language." Larson said that "translation is the transfer of meaning from the source language into the target language through a three-step approach, namely studying the source language text, analysing the source language text, and re-expressing the same meaning by using the appropriate words and language structures in the target language." The same thing was also stated by Hoed (2006) which states that "translation is an effort or activity to divert messages from the source language to the target language, each language has a different cultural background." Meanwhile, Larson (quoted by Choliludin, 2006) classifies translations into two main types, namely translation based on form (Form-based translation) and translation based on meaning (Meaning-based translation). Form-based translations tend to follow the source language form known as literal translation, while meaning-based translations tends to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the target language naturally. This translation is known as an idiomatic translation. The theory of division of types of translation based on Larson has similarities with the theory of shifts proposed by Catford into shifts by category (category shifts) in four types of shifts, namely (1) structural shifts, (2) class shifts, (3) unit shifts, and (4) intra-system shifts.

Translation Process
In carrying out translation activities, the translator transfers meaning from the source language to the target language. According to Larson (1984), the translation process includes studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context in the text, analysing each to determine its meaning, and rearranging the meaning of the same using the lexicon and grammatical structure in accordance with receptor language and its cultural context. According to Nida (quoted from Hatim, 2014), the translation process consists of three stages. They are analysis, transfer, and restructuring. In the analysis, the translator analyses the source text in relation to the grammatical relationship and the meaning of the word and the combination of the words. Source text analysis aims to fully understand the message to be conveyed. Then the analysed material is transferred to the translator's mind from the source language to the target language. After that, in the restructuring step the transferred material is restructured to make the final message acceptable in the target language. An important goal of the restructuring process is to ensure that the impact of the translation on the intended recipient is the same as that intended by the source text. At this stage, where some revisions may occur, the translator should check the target against the source text to ensure as far as possible that there are no omissions, additions, or distortions of meaning in the translation, to ensure that it is fit for the intended function.

Equivalence in Translation
The translation process that produces the ideal target language is an equivalent result of the accurate message from the source language, the readability, and also the product acceptability. The equivalence concerns the equivalence at the level of lexemes (words), phrases (above word level), grammatical, textual, and at a pragmatic level. But in this case, Baker (2011) states that "the entire level is used on the condition that although equivalence can be practiced, it is still influenced by various linguistic and cultural factors; which is therefore relative." Salzmann (1993) states that "translation is the placement or representation of a text which is equivalent from one language to another," so different language texts can be equivalent at different levels; both as a whole, or in relation to the context of semantics, syntax, lexeme, and others; as well as in the level of translation word for word, phrase by phrase, and clause by clause.
In contrast to Baker, Snell-Hornby (1988) uses the term parallel text instead of equivalent. The result of a translation is always obtained from other text; parallel text, which is the result of two texts that are independent from the linguistic side and come from a very identical situation. However, they are substantially the same, because the equivalence to parallels are two synonymous terms -that is, the message contained by the source language reaches the reader through the target language.
Halliday (in Steiner & Yallop, 2001) said that inaccuracies in translation are marked by inequalities between the source language and the target language, which is then referred to as a product of poor translation because neither the source language nor the target language contains the same idea.

Translation Shift
Shift translation is a translation method that involves changing the source language elements to the target language without changing their meaning. There are two main types of shifts; level shift and category shift. According to Catford (1965) the kinds of grammatical changes in category shift include structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift.

Category Shift
Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation. Formal correspondence is any grammatical category in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of target language as the given source of language category in the source language system. According to Catford (1965) the kinds of grammatical changes in category shift include structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift.

Structure Shift
This involves a change in the grammatical structure between the source language and the target language. In grammar, structure shift can occur at all ranks. Structure shifts can also be found at other ranks, such as phrase/group rank. Example: "the blue hat" in English becomes "topi yang biru" in Indonesian. Notice that there is a shift from MH (Modifier+Head) to HQ (Head+Qualifier). It can be seen that the modifier 'blue' before the noun 'hat' is translated into the qualifier 'biru' (blue) combined with 'yang' (which). Structure shift also happens when an active sentence in the source language changes into a passive one in the target language or vice versa. This shift is called voice shift.

Class Shift
Class shift occurs when the translated equivalent of the thing in the source language is a class member (part of speech) that is different from the original. (E.g.: "American Police" translates to "polisi Amerika". In this example, the adjective 'American' which operates in M (Modifier) in the noun phrase structure of the source language, is translated into the noun "Amerika", which operates on Q (Qualifier) in the target language. From that example, the adjective changes into another class, which is a noun.

Unit Shift
A unit shift means a rank change, i.e. a deviation from formal correspondence in which a translation equivalent to a unit at one rank in the source language is translated into a unit at a different rank in the target language. The order of language can change between morphemes, words, phrases/groups, clauses, sentences, and sometimes even further including paragraphs and text. According to Machali (2000), the unit shift indicates a change in rank, that is, the lower one is translated into a higher rank or vice versa. For example, the source expression "excellent" becomes "luar biasa". In this example, a word (excellent) is translated into a phrase (luar biasa). This indicates a change from a lower rank to a higher rank.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Intra-system Shift Intra-system shift means deviation from formal correspondence where a system in the source language has a different (non-conforming) system in the target language. Intra system shift is used to indicate that the shift occurs internally within the system of the languages concerned. For example, certain "plural" nouns in English become "singular" nouns in Indonesian, such as: "a pair of glasses" translates to "sebuah kacamata". In this example, although in Indonesian there is an appropriate plural form for 'glass' (i.e. through the repetition of the word 'kaca-kaca'), the Indonesian system requires the use of the singular for the concept of "kacamata" because Indonesians think of it as a single object.

Research Design
This research is a descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive nature is associated with research efforts that try to analyse data with all its characteristics, properties, and character (Sutopo, 2006) so that what this research produces will only be in the form of exposure as it is. The main characteristic of the exposure produced by this descriptive study later on, is that the exposure does not consider the right or wrong use of language in the text to be analysed.
The source of the data in this research is the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (1998) and the translation from the informant Listiana Srisanti as the translator. The object of research is the phrases and words in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone and its translation.
The data collection process was carried out by researchers by taking all data that matched the criteria and supported the research questions. All the data is then entered into the data table. Meanwhile, the selected data became the focus of research. In collecting related data, the researcher read the original novel and the translation of the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.

Research Results
In the text of the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in English and Indonesian, the researcher found many category shifts made by translators to get an acceptable translation. Category shifts involve structure shifts, unit shifts, class shifts, and intra-system shifts. The table below is a classification of data based on the type of category shift.
The category shift that occurred the least was the structur shift, which was 39 cases or around 15.17%. Meanwhile, the intra-system shift occurred in 42 cases or about 16.35% and the class shift occurred in 53 cases or around 20.62%.
Unit shifts are similar to rank shifts; This is a shift where the translation in the target language is in a different rank than the source language. The unit shift found in the novel text involves a change in rank from a lower rank to a higher rank and from a higher rank to a lower rank. Meanwhile, intra-system shifts occur internally within the system of a language. The intra-system shift contained in the novel text changes the plural form in the source language into the singular form in the target language.
Category shifts are found in the English and Indonesian texts of the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for several reasons. Category shift is grammatical equivalence. This can be seen because each language has its own structure, classes, and systems which are used to show the formal similarities and differences between the two languages. Another reason is to intensify the meaning so that the meaning is more clear and natural in the target language.
Structural shift involves changing the grammatical structure between the source language and the target language. These changes occur in sentences or clauses and group rankings. In sentence structure, the shift in structure includes changes, from MH (Modifier + Head) to HQ (Head + Qualifier). A class shift occurs when the equivalent translation of a source language item is a member of a different grammatical class than the original item.
From the table above, it can be seen that the unit shift occurred at the highest frequency, namely 123 cases or about 47.85% of the total 257 cases. Unit shifts are similar to rank shifts; This is a shift where the translation in the target language is in a different rank than the source language. The basic idea of unit shift is the change in rank of each linguistic item from the source language when translated into the target language. The change can be from a higher to a lower rank such as from a phrase to a word, or from a lower unit to a higher unit such as from a phrase to a clause.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion
From the findings, the four types of category shifts occur in the English-Indonesian text in the novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. They are structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. Unit shift has the highest frequency, which is 122 cases out of 257 cases or 47.85%. Structural shifts have the lowest frequency, which is 39 cases out of 257 category shifts or 15.17%. Class shift occurred 53 times out of 257 cases or 20.62%. Intra-system shift occurred 42 times out of 257 cases or 16.35%.

Suggestions
For translators, it is very important to understand more about shift, especially category shift, as a type of translation method. They also need to know the grammatical system as well as know the culture of the language pair being translated.