Priviet Social Sciences Journal

The legal standing of artificial intelligence as a legal subject in the modern era: A normative review in the perspective of Indonesian positive law and global comparative law

2026-04-23T10:03:18+07:00

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) raises a fundamental question in legal science: Can AI be recognized as an independent legal subject? This article examines AI's legal standing within Indonesian positive law and benchmarks it against selected global regulatory frameworks, with primary reference to the EU Artificial Intelligence Act of 2024. This study employs a normative juridical methodology, combining statute, conceptual, and comparative law approaches, applied through a structured four-criterion evaluative framework: rechtsbekwaamheid (capacity to hold rights), handelingsbekwaamheid (capacity to perform legal acts), accountability, and consciousness/free will, deployed consistently across all analytical sections. Primary legal materials include the Civil Code (KUH Perdata), Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and its amendments, the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP), and Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. The findings confirm that AI fails all four framework criteria and cannot be recognized as a legal subject, either as a natural person (natuurlijke persoon) or as a legal entity (rechtspersoon). Under the UU ITE, AI is classified as an 'electronic agent,' and legal responsibility remains vested in its developer, operator, or user. While international scholarship has proposed quasi-legal subject and electronic person concepts, this article critically evaluates rather than merely cautioning against these positions, concluding that neither is suitable for incorporation into Indonesian positive law at the current stage of technological development, as both risk displacing corporate accountability. This article recommends that Indonesia urgently enact a dedicated AI statute adopting a risk-based approach, affirm AI as a legal object, establish an independent regulatory authority, and ensure robust protection of fundamental human rights.

Recommendations for reducing waste and bullwhip effect in Supply Chain Management (SCM) flow at a Bakery Company AA Indah (Gresik, East Java)

2026-04-17T10:38:03+07:00

Waste and information distortion exist in the supply chain management flow of bread production. Researchers have analyzed waste using value stream mapping tools and calculated the Bullwhip Effect (BE) value using the BE formula, providing improvement recommendations using failure mode effects and analysis. The identified wastes were waiting, excessive transportation, and defects. The tools used were process activity mapping (PAM) and a Supply Chain Response Matrix (SCRM). PAM analysis identified 11 operation activities, 1 transportation activity, 1 inspection activity, 1 storage activity, and 2 delay activities. Meanwhile, the day physical stock is 0.9412, with a lead time of 30 days. Based on the BE value calculation, the bread product in 2024 shows a BE value of 1.0540 for one year. Thus, demand amplification occurred for bread products in 2024. From waste identification using a cause-and-effect diagram and improvements using failure mode effects and analysis, recommendations for improving waiting time include implementing machine maintenance scheduling to prevent delays and evaluating and rearranging workflows to reduce waiting time between processes. For excessive transportation waste, the recommendations are rearranging the machine layout, optimizing goods delivery routes, implementing just-in-time methods to reduce the inventory that needs to be moved, and using technology to manage information flow more efficiently. Defect improvement recommendations include comprehensive operator training, establishment of strict work standards, use of quality checklists, application of quality management tools such as Pareto charts and 5 Why, conducting routine process evaluations, and ensuring continuous monitoring and quality control.

Nicotine trails in schools: Smoking behavior among junior high school students in Indonesian tobacco production areas

2026-04-22T10:16:15+07:00

The future of the Indonesian is now seriously threatened by the high incidence of smoking behaviors among Indonesian adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with smoking behavior among high school students residing in tobacco-producing regions in Indonesia. Students' smoking behaviors, sociodemographic traits, and exposure to tobacco marketing were all gathered through a cross-sectional survey. In order to participate in this study, 210 junior high school students answered questions about their smoking habits. The results showed nearly one in five students reported currently smoking (19%), while 22.9% had experimented with smoking but had already quit. More than half of the students (51.9%) reported having received at least one offer to smoke, suggesting strong social exposure to smoking within their environment. Among students who smoked, the most common motivations were the appealing taste of cigarettes (35%) and the desire to appear cool (23%), while stress relief (33.3%) was the primary reason for continuing the behavior. These results highlight how crucial it is to apply evidence-based tobacco control measures in these areas in order to lower the prevalence of adolescents smoking. The findings have implication for educators and parents to monitor tobacco use and provide assistance in quitting tobacco usage.

The identification of beneficial owners through the application of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil by judges

2026-04-29T10:01:07+07:00

Corporate crime, such as corruption, is currently on the rise, one example being the practice of concealing identities through the pretext of beneficial ownership and nominee agreements. This issue requires law enforcement to focus not only on the formal corporate structure but also on tracing the parties who actually control and benefit from the corporation. This study aims to analyze the legal status of nominee agreements and the importance of beneficial ownership transparency in closing loopholes in corporate law in Indonesia. It also analyzes the application of the "piercing the corporate veil" doctrine in Supreme Court Decision Number 4950 K/Pid.Sus/2023. The method used in this research is normative juridical, using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. This study explains that although regulations regarding beneficial ownership exist, their implementation is still not fully implemented, primarily due to low awareness of reporting compliance and the continued prevalence of nominee practices. Based on existing decisions, the Supreme Court outlines a more progressive approach by applying the "piercing the corporate veil" doctrine to hold beneficial owners criminally liable, even if they are not listed in the company structure. This shifts from a normative approach to the application of substantive law. Therefore, there is a need for strengthening regulations, increasing oversight, and ensuring data integrity between institutions so that transparency and accountability of beneficial owners can truly be realized and are no longer exploited as loopholes for corruption.

Keywords: beneficial owner, corporate corruption, criminal liability, nominee agreement, piercing the corporate veil.

A technology acceptance and sociopedagogical perception survey of pre-service early childhood teachers’ use of generative AI for lesson planning

2026-04-06T11:21:46+07:00

This study investigated pre-service early childhood teachers’ perceptions of generative AI in lesson planning. Using a quantitative descriptive design, 30 fifth-semester students completed an online questionnaire assessing perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, ethical concerns, sociopedagogical factors, and attitudes toward AI, complemented by open-ended questions. Findings indicate that students perceive AI as highly useful and easy to use, particularly for generating ideas, structuring lesson content, and supporting pedagogical tasks. Ethical concerns were moderate, highlighting awareness of potential overdependence, content accuracy, and academic integrity issues, while sociopedagogical support, including guidance from lecturers, peers, and institutional resources, enhanced confidence and responsible use. Overall, participants demonstrated positive attitudes toward AI, appreciating its practical benefits while recognizing the need for ethical literacy and structured institutional support. The study provides insight into how generative AI can be integrated effectively into early childhood education, balancing innovation, professional judgment, and responsible use.

The effect of career development, work-life balance, and remuneration on employee job satisfaction: Evidence from the Badan Pendapatan Daerah (BAPENDA) of Tangerang Regency

2026-04-22T10:21:36+07:00

This study aims to examine the influence of career development, work-life balance, and remuneration on employee job satisfaction at the BAPENDA of Tangerang Regency. Employee job satisfaction serves as a crucial indicator of human resource management effectiveness, particularly in the public sector where optimal service delivery and professional conduct are essential. This study adopted a quantitative approach that utilized a causal-comparative design. Data were gathered using questionnaires distributed to 115 employees selected through proportional cluster random sampling. Analysis was performed using multiple linear regression in SPSS, including validity tests, reliability assessments, classical assumption tests, and partial t-tests. The results indicate that career development and remuneration exert positive and significant influences on employees job satisfaction, whereas work-life balance exhibits a significant negative effect. These results highlight the distinct contributions of each variable in shaping job satisfaction. Notably, the negative effect of work-life balance suggests that, within high-pressure public sector environments, work-life balance may reflect underlying role conflict rather than actual equilibrium. Therefore, strategic human resource management initiatives should not only optimize career development systems and remuneration schemes, but also address structural workload issues to effectively enhance employee job satisfaction.