Dose-dependent muscle relaxant activity of avocado leaf (Persea americana Mill.) extract: Central nervous system effects in mice and implications for phytopharmaceutical development

Nur Ahya  Alsabianti; Dian Febrianti Putri  Nampe; Ririn  Arianti; Ihda  Durratunnafisa; Raasikhah Aadilah  Satria; Resky  Wahyuni; Wa Ode Kezya  Azhara; Nurjannah Nurjannah; Agniatul Azizah  Jufri; Andi Utari Prasetya  Ningrum

doi:10.55942/pssj.v5i12.1310

Authors

Nur Ahya Alsabianti Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Dian Febrianti Putri Nampe Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Ririn Arianti Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Ihda Durratunnafisa Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Raasikhah Aadilah Satria Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Resky Wahyuni Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Wa Ode Kezya Azhara Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Nurjannah Nurjannah Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Agniatul Azizah Jufri Muhammadiyah University of Makassar
Andi Utari Prasetya Ningrum Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v5i12.1310

Keywords:

Persea americana, muscle relaxation, flavonoids, GABA, central nervous system

Abstract

Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) contain flavonoids, saponins, and phenols, which are thought to exert muscle-relaxing effects through central nervous system depressant mechanisms. This study investigated the muscle-relaxing effects of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana) in male mice. Nine male mice were divided into three groups and administered 1%, 2%, and 4% avocado leaf infusions orally. Motor activity and reflex responses were observed every 15 min until the 100th min to assess muscle relaxation effects. The results showed that the muscle-relaxation effect increased with increasing extract concentration, at 15.55%, 34.44%, and 42.22%, respectively. Flavonoids and saponins are thought to play a role in increasing GABA activity, which reduces muscle tone. Avocado leaf extract showed muscle relaxation effects that increased with dose and has the potential to be a natural muscle relaxant through GABA activation.

Author Biographies

Nur Ahya Alsabianti, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Nur Ahya Alsabianti is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Dian Febrianti Putri Nampe, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Dian Febrianti Putri Nampe is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Ririn Arianti, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Ririn Arianti is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Ihda Durratunnafisa, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Ihda Durratunnafisa is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Raasikhah Aadilah Satria, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Raasikhah Aadilah Satria is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Resky Wahyuni, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Resky Wahyuni is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Wa Ode Kezya Azhara, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Wa Ode Kezya Azhara is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Nurjannah Nurjannah, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Nurjannah is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Agniatul Azizah Jufri, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Agniatul Azizah Jufri is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Andi Utari Prasetya Ningrum, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

Andi Utari Prasetya Ningrum is affiliated with Muhammadiyah University of Makassar

References

Bhuyan, D. J., Alsherbiny, M. A., Perera, S., Low, M., Basu, A., Devi, O. A., Barooah, M. S., Li, C. G., & Papoutsis, K. (2019). The Odyssey of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado (Persea americana) and Their Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 8(10), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100426

Brunton, L. L., et al. (2022). Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Hall, J. E. (2022). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN: 978-0-323-59712-7.

Hernandez, L. M., et al. (2023). Dose-Dependent Muscle Relaxant and Sedative Actions of Bioactive Plant Extracts in Rodent Models. International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 15(2), 78–90.

Juma, I. (2024). Nature's pharmacy: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) leaves as a novel therapeutic agent for diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, gastric ulcers, kidney stones, and gout. Int Res J Biol Sci, 13(3), 27-32. https://www.isca.me/IJBS/Archive/v13/i3/5.ISCA-IRJBS-2024-011.pdf

Kumar, S., et al. (2022). Neuropharmacological Effects of Plant-Based Flavonoids: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Journal of Natural Medicines, 76(4), 601–612.

Mustofa, S., & Namdes, F. C. (2023). Pengembangan Riset Terkini Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat dalam Penemuan Obat Baru dan Mekanismenya dalam Pengobatan Penyakit. Medula, 13(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v14i1.805

Rahmah, R., Rahayu, R., Ridwanto, R., & Daulay, A. S. (2023). Skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dengan metode DPPH. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 9-25. https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i5-si.369

Ríos, J. L., Schinella, G. R., & Moragrega, I. (2022). Phenolics as GABAA Receptor Ligands: An Updated Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(6), 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061770

Sharma, P., & Patel, R. (2022). Neuropharmacological Effects of Plant-Derived Flavonoids on GABAergic Modulation. Journal of Herbal Neurotherapy, 8(1), 25–34.

Sharp, P., & Villano, J. (2012). The laboratory rat (2nd ed.). CRC Press.

Suhendra, D., et al. (2023). Evaluation of Muscle Relaxant Effects of Herbal Extracts Using Rodent Grip Strength and Rotarod Assays. Indonesian Journal of Biomedicine, 9(1), 45–53.

Sutiningsih, D., Sari, D. P., Adi, M. S., Hadi, M., & Azzahra, N. A. (2023). Effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) as antihypertensive. F1000Research, 11, 1100. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124643.2

ZENGİN, H. (2024). CENTRALLY ACTING MUSCLE RELAXANTS. Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Uluslararası Araştırmalar XX, 119.